企鹅珍珠贝F3选育系的珍珠层颜色及生长性状的比较分析

[目的]评价企鹅珍珠贝金唇选育系和白唇选育系的育种性能,为企鹅珍珠贝良种选育及优质珍珠培育提供参考依据.[方法]以海南(H)和广西(G)群体的金唇(J)、白唇(B)选育群体F2为亲本,构建4个自繁选育系(J-HH、J-GG、B-HH和B-GG)和2个杂交选育系(B-HG和J-GH),观察并统计6个F3选育系的珍珠层边缘颜色变异情况,综合比较6个F3选育系的生长性能及珍珠层颜色差异,并比较金唇选育系和白唇选育系左右壳及不同测量位点颜色的差异.[结果]3个金唇选育系群体的贝壳珍珠层颜色变异率为0,3个白唇选育系群体的贝壳珍珠层颜色变异率为2.0%~5.5%,表明白唇表型相对于金唇表型为显性.金唇选育系左壳较右壳颜色更亮、偏黄红、鲜艳,其色差为2.77;白唇选育系右壳较左壳颜色暗、偏蓝绿,其色差为6.01.不论是金唇选育系还是白唇选育系,都是下测量位点比上测量位点颜色更暗、偏蓝绿,但同壳两测量位点的颜色差异较小.3个金唇选育系群体的体质量均显著大于3个白唇选育系群体(P<0.05,下同),金唇选育系与白唇选育系的贝壳珍珠层边缘颜色参数(L*、a*、b*、C*和ho)均存在显著差异.在金唇选育系中,J-HH选育系生长性状及贝壳珍珠层颜色的综合评价值(Pi)均最高,分别为0.390和0.415;在白唇选育系中,B-HH选育系生长性状及贝壳珍珠层颜色的综合评价值(Pi)均最高,分别为0.108和0.722.[结论]6个企鹅珍珠贝F3选育系的生长性能和珍珠层颜色均存在显著差异,其中,J-HH选育系可作为生长和金唇协同选育的最佳选育系,B-HH选育系可作为生长和白唇协同选育的最佳选育系.     

湖北和广西辣椒脉斑驳病毒的检测及 遗传多样性分析

[目的]研究辣椒脉斑驳病毒(Pepper veinal mottle virus,PVMV)的分布及遗传变异,为明确该病毒在我国的流行扩散分子机制提供理论依据.[方法]利用特异性引物反转录PCR(RT-PCR)检测从湖北宜昌及广西南宁和百色采集的48份疑似感染PVMV的辣椒样本;采用常规Sanger测序测定PCR产物序列,序列采用MEGA 5.0构建系统发育进化树,采用RDP等算法分析其可能的重组事件;采用DnaSP v5分析病毒株系不同群体之间的基因流及基因差异.[结果]从48份辣椒样本中检测到5份样本被PVMV侵染,检出率10.42%.基因同源性比对分析结果表明,测定的PVMV湖北和广西分离物CP基因序列同源性在97.00%以上,与其他地区分离物的同源性为91.73%~98.78%.系统发育分析表明,湖北(YC)和广西(NN)PVMV分离物与我国台湾PVMV分离物的亲缘关系最近.重组分析表明,PVMV广西分离物NN10有2个重组事件.[结论]湖北和广西辣椒的PVMV检测结果表明,该病毒已扩散至湖北和广西;基因突变可能是PVMV湖北分离物遗传变异的主要方式之一;而基因重组和基因突变可能是PVMV广西分离物遗传变异的重要因子.     

Quantitative trait loci analysis for root traits in synthetic hexaploid wheat under drought stress conditions

Synthetic hexaploid wheat(SHW), possesses numerous genes for drought that can help breeding for drought-tolerant wheat varieties. We evaluated 10 root traits at seedling stage in 111 F9 recombinant inbred lines derived from a F2 population of a SHW line(SHW-L1) and a common wheat line, under normal(NC) and polyethylene glycol-simulated drought stress conditions(DC). We mapped quantitative trait loci(QTLs) for root traits using an enriched high-density genetic map containing 120 370 single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs), 733 diversity arrays technology markers(DArT) and 119 simple sequence repeats(SSRs). With four replicates per treatment, we identified 19 QTLs for root traits under NC and DC, and 12 of them could be consistently detected with three or four replicates. Two novel QTLs for root fresh weight and root diameter under NC explained 9 and 15.7% of the phenotypic variation respectively, and six novel QTLs for root fresh weight, the ratio of root water loss, total root surface area, number of root tips, and number of root forks under DC explained 8.5–14% of the phenotypic variation. Here seven of eight novel QTLs could be consistently detected with more than three replicates. Results provide essential information for fine-mapping QTLs related to drought tolerance that will facilitate breeding drought-tolerant wheat cultivars.     

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on agricultural exports

The COVID-19 outbreak has shocked the world's economies in the year of 2020. As this pandemic spreads around the globe, many experts feared that the global food supplies might start running short, especially if supply chains were disrupted. COVID-19 also added to the uncertainty of the business operation. Therefore, it is critical to understand how COVID-19 pandemic affected global food supply and market. In this study, we investigate the impact of COVID-19 on agricultural export companies in China using a unique firm-level survey data. We found that although on average agricultural businesses experienced declines in the exports, exports of some agricultural products especially grain and oil held strong and even increased, implying the essential demand for staple food during the pandemic. Not surprisingly, exports of medicinal herb also increased significantly during the pandemic. However, exports of goods such as edible fungus and horticultural products sharply decreased. Our results also showed that in general, impact of COVID-19 on smaller firms was more severe than that on larger firms. The results of this study can provide useful guidance and implications for agricultural businesses and policy makers on their COVID-19 mitigation efforts to navigate this global pandemic.     

电子鼻和电子舌单独与联合检测掺大豆蛋白或淀粉的鸡肉糜

为实现掺杂掺假鸡肉的快速、客观评价，该研究利用电子鼻和电子舌联合检测技术对掺杂鸡肉糜进行快速检测，通过对采集的数据进行主成分分析和偏最小二乘法分析，所得结果表明，采用主成分分析，电子鼻和电子舌联合检测掺大豆蛋白鸡肉糜和掺淀粉鸡肉糜的主成分总贡献率分别为99.8%和99.1%；采用偏最小二乘法分析，电子鼻和电子舌联合检测鸡肉糜中掺杂大豆蛋白含量的预测值与真实值之间的决定系数为0.992，均方根误差为2.8%；联合检测鸡肉糜中掺杂淀粉含量的预测值与真实值之间的决定系数为0.996，均方根误差为2.4%。表明电子鼻和电子舌联合检测对鸡肉糜的掺杂情况具有良好的区分和预测能力，并且是一种有效、高精度的肉类掺假检测方法。     

软基水闸底板脱空动力学反演模型构建与试验验证

软基水闸极易因地基不均匀沉降、渗透变形等发生底板脱空现象，传统的无损检测方法难以在水下探测底板脱空，且不具实时性，其应用还存在一定局限性。该研究基于软基水闸室内物理模型，提出了一种软基水闸底板脱空动力学反演方法。首先，基于多参数变量的底板脱空范围数学模型，改进了反映软基水闸底板脱空参数与水闸动力学参数（模态参数）之间非线性映射关系的数学代理模型；其次，以水闸多测点多阶频率和振型变化率组合作为动力学敏感特征量，建立了软基水闸底板脱空参数反演的目标函数，并基于遗传算法对目标函数进行求解。最后，建立了软基水闸室内物理模型，并在模型中设置3种不同的底板脱空工况，采用软基水闸底板脱空动力学反演方法对软基水闸底板的脱空进行反演识别与模型验证。结果表明：基于动力学参数反演识别的水闸底板脱空区域趋势和脱空面积与模型实际脱空情况吻合较好，3种工况下水闸底板脱空面积反演结果与模型实际脱空面积的相对误差分别为7.47%、6.78%、6.90%，验证了该方法的可靠性，可望为软基水闸实际工程底板脱空隐患检测提供一种新的思路。     

河北省杂粮生产现状及生产布局展望

河北省是杂粮生产大省,且种类繁多。为稳定河北省杂粮生产发展,进一步调整河北省种植业结构提供参考依据,本文总结了河北省杂粮的历史生产现状,包括面积、单产、总产以及河北省各地市杂粮的分布,试图探索杂粮的生产布局与趋势,同时针对河北省杂粮历史单产水平变化趋势,分析了造成单产变化的成因,并简单提出建议。最后提出河北省杂粮生产布局的展望,将河北省杂粮生产区域布局划分为优势主产区、战略提升区、稳步发展区三个功能区。     

不同品系昆虫病原线虫对蜂巢小甲虫的致病力研究

为明确市售昆虫病原线虫制剂对蜂巢小甲虫（Aethina tumida）幼虫和蛹的致病力,为该害虫的防治提供新的技术措施,室内采用浸渍法、土壤法测定了5种不同品系昆虫病原线虫对蜂巢小甲虫末龄老熟幼虫和蛹的致病力,采用土壤法测定了小卷蛾斯氏线虫（Steinernema carpocapsae All）不同施用时间、不同施用剂量对蜂巢小甲虫幼虫致病力的影响。浸渍法生物测定结果表明,5种不同品系昆虫病原线虫对蜂巢小甲虫幼虫的致病力差异很大,其中小卷蛾斯氏线虫All侵染4 d、12 d后,蜂巢小甲虫幼虫的校正死亡率分别为67.50%±0.05%和72.36%±3.14%,均显著高于其他品系。土壤法生物测定结果表明,昆虫病原线虫对蜂巢小甲虫幼虫具有明显的致死作用,其中小卷蛾斯氏线虫All对蜂巢小甲虫幼虫的侵染效果达100%,显著高于其他线虫品系。蜂巢小甲虫幼虫入土后,按不同时间顺序施用小卷蛾斯氏线虫All,结果表明14 d前施用均能取得良好的防治效果。侵染期线虫小卷蛾斯氏线虫All与蜂巢小甲虫幼虫数量之比大于213∶1时,防治效果最佳。因此小卷蛾斯氏线虫All具有防治蜂巢小甲虫的潜力,可在发生蜂巢小甲虫危害的蜂场推荐使用。     

New Polyketides from the Antarctic Fungus Pseudogymnoascus sp. HSX2#-11

The species Pseudogymnoascus is known as a psychrophilic pathogenic fungus with a ubiquitous distribution in Antarctica. Meanwhile, the study of its secondary metabolites is infrequent. Systematic research of the metabolites of the fungus Pseudogymnoascus sp. HSX2#-11, guided by the method of molecular networking, led to the isolation of one novel polyketide, pseudophenone A (1), along with six known analogs (2–7). The structure of the new compound was elucidated by extensive spectroscopic investigation and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Pseudophenone A (1) is a dimer of diphenyl ketone and diphenyl ether, and there is only one analog of 1 to the best of our knowledge. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited antibacterial activities against a panel of strains. This is the first time to use molecular networking to study the metabolic profiles of Antarctica fungi.